Devaluation: Who Really Benefits When Malawi Weakens Its Currency?

In recent years, Malawi has repeatedly devalued its currency — most recently under pressure to unlock support from international lenders such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These devaluations are presented as necessary steps to fix foreign exchange imbalances, improve competitiveness, and stimulate export growth. But the real-world outcomes raise deeper questions about who benefits most from such decisions — and who bears the costs.

Malawi’s Vulnerability to Imported Inflation

Malawi is a small, import-dependent economy. Fuel, medicines, agricultural inputs, and even many food items come from abroad. When the kwacha is devalued, these goods become more expensive almost immediately. Yet wages remain stagnant, and most households lack any buffer against rising prices.

This phenomenon — imported inflation — hits Malawi harder than many other countries. It erodes purchasing power and pushes more families into poverty. Any potential gains from export competitiveness are quickly overshadowed by the immediate social and economic hardship.

The Export Illusion

One of the primary justifications for devaluation is to boost exports. But Malawi’s export base is narrow — tobacco, tea, sugar, and a handful of agricultural commodities. These are mostly sold as raw or semi-processed goods into markets where prices are determined by global demand, not by our exchange rate.

Devaluation might make these exports slightly cheaper, but it does not change their position in the global value chain. The value continues to be captured elsewhere — in processing factories abroad, in logistics companies, and in retail shelves far from Malawi. Meanwhile, smallholder farmers and exporters in Malawi remain price-takers.

Western Interests and Unequal Outcomes

Whether intentionally or not, currency devaluation often plays into the hands of richer economies and global corporations:

• Raw materials become cheaper to acquire from Malawi.

• Foreign investors gain purchasing power in a devalued market — buying assets, land, or influence at a discount.

• External lenders are repaid in hard currency, meaning devaluation increases the burden of debt repayment in local currency terms.

In effect, devaluation can reinforce structural economic inequality — keeping countries like Malawi in a low-value, export-dependent position while wealth continues to flow outward.

What Malawi Needs Instead

Currency adjustment may have its place in specific macroeconomic contexts, but it should not be treated as a primary tool of development. For Malawi, the priority should be to:

• Build local production capacity to reduce dependence on imports, particularly in energy, food, and inputs.

• Invest in value addition, ensuring that more of the wealth from our exports is retained within the country.

• Diversify the economy beyond traditional commodities — into services, manufacturing, ICT, and regional trade.

• Negotiate aid and debt terms that align with national development goals, not just macroeconomic compliance.

Conclusion

Devaluation is not a neutral policy. It produces winners and losers. In the case of Malawi, it often deepens the very vulnerabilities it claims to address — while serving the interests of external creditors and buyers.

If we are to chart a path to real economic sovereignty, we must move beyond currency adjustments and confront the structural issues that limit our capacity to produce, retain value, and grow on our own terms.

Resolving the Conflict: Why a UN-Verified Referendum May Be the Key to Peace in Ukraine’s Annexed Territories

 

Introduction

In the shadows of war and diplomacy, one question continues to haunt the peace process between Russia and Ukraine: What should happen to the annexed territories?
From Crimea to parts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia, these regions sit at the heart of a legal, political, and human crisis — one that no side seems able to fully resolve.

But what if the solution didn’t lie solely in negotiations between governments, or in battlefield victories, but in a process that places the will of the people at the center — under the guardrails of international law?

---

⚖️ The Legal Dilemma: Two Worlds, Two Laws

At the core of the annexation issue lies a legal conflict of perspective:

• According to Ukraine: These territories remain an inseparable part of its sovereign territory. Any annexation or foreign occupation is a violation of the Ukrainian Constitution and international law.

• According to Russia: Through referendums it conducted in Crimea (2014) and other regions (2022), these areas "legitimately" joined the Russian Federation, and are now fully integrated as Russian regions under Russian law.

This clash of legal realities has created a deadlock: each side sees its claim as valid and non-negotiable. No solution seems possible without one side surrendering its legal position — a politically impossible move in the current climate.

---

🛑 The Limits of Saying "No"

The United Nations has consistently rejected the legitimacy of Russia’s annexations, declaring them illegal under international law. But this "no" — though clear — has limited effect without an enforceable remedy.

Without a concrete and legitimate process to determine the actual will of the people living in these territories, the international community risks being sidelined as the conflict drags on, and the affected populations remain trapped in ambiguity and instability.

---

🗳️ A Way Forward: The Case for a UN-Verified Referendum

In light of this, a UN-verified referendum offers a third way — one grounded in international law, human rights, and democratic legitimacy. It could allow the people of these regions to freely and fairly express their will about which country they wish to belong to.

But for such a referendum to be credible, it must meet several essential conditions:

1. Withdrawal of Foreign Troops

The presence of any occupying military force — Russian or otherwise — would skew the vote. A neutral, secure environment must be established, possibly with the support of UN peacekeepers.

2. Return of Displaced Persons

Hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced from these territories. They must be allowed to return and vote, or vote remotely under internationally verified procedures.

3. Freedom of Speech and Political Pluralism

A genuine choice requires genuine debate. Voters must be allowed to hear from all sides, access independent media, and campaign freely — without fear or censorship.

4. No Foreign Influence — Including from Russia or Ukraine

Though Russia currently administers these territories, it must be treated as a foreign actor for the purposes of neutrality. Neither Russia, Ukraine, nor any other state should be allowed to fund or run referendum campaigns. Only local, independent groups should take part.

5. International Observation and Verification

Organizations like the UN Electoral Assistance Division, the OSCE, and independent observers must oversee every stage — from voter registration to final vote count.

---

🔄 Why Both Sides Might Accept This

Interestingly, both Russia and Ukraine have expressed openness to peace talks — but neither has been able to propose a viable, face-saving solution to the territorial question. A UN-led referendum could:

• Allow Ukraine to uphold its commitment to democracy and territorial integrity by involving displaced citizens and ensuring legal frameworks are respected.

• Offer Russia a way to legitimize its claims — but only if the population genuinely supports them, which would need to be proven under strict international supervision.

• Give local populations a voice, after years of being caught in geopolitical crossfire.

---

🕊️ Peace Needs People — Not Just Politics

The war in Ukraine has deeply scarred communities, reshaped borders, and shaken global norms. But at its core, this conflict isn’t just about maps or laws — it’s about people. Their futures, their identities, their right to choose.

A UN-verified referendum isn’t a perfect solution, but it’s the most democratic and lawful mechanism available to break the impasse without more bloodshed.

By giving voice to those most affected, and holding all parties to the same standard, the world might yet find a way to turn a conflict of sovereignties into a resolution based on sovereignty of the people.

The Cost of Living in Blantyre: Struggles and Solutions

In 2022, when we moved to Blantyre, the cost of living was pegged at K277,726 according to the Centre for Social Concern. Fast forward to 2025, merely three years later, and that figure has soared to K748,097. This represents a staggering 169.37% increase in the cost of living during this period.

While the cost of living has skyrocketed, salary adjustments have lagged behind. Between May 2022 and February 2025, salaries have only risen by approximately 76.18%. For many of us, this disparity has turned daily living into a relentless struggle. Personally, I feel trapped, surviving only by the grace of God, as I estimate I’d need a cost of living adjustment of about 53% this year just to stay afloat.

This is why, when civil servants protest for a 44% salary adjustment, I find myself empathizing with their plight. The demand may seem steep to some, but it’s a reflection of the harsh economic realities we’re facing in Blantyre today.

However, a significant roadblock to achieving fair wage adjustments lies in the economic mindset. There seems to be a persistent belief among economists that increasing salaries beyond the inflation rate—approximately 30%—would inevitably fuel inflation. But this view fails to account for the reality on the ground. Historically, salary adjustments have been based on the expectation that inflation would remain below 10%. Even as inflation has surged past this figure, the policy has remained unchanged, perpetuating an unfair wage system.

The constitution guarantees every worker the right to a fair wage. Adjusting salaries to reflect inflation isn’t just a demand; it’s a necessity to uphold this constitutional entitlement.

Now, let’s address the frequently cited argument against significant wage increases: the fear of the wage-price spiral. Economists argue that if people earn more, they’ll spend more, increasing demand and consequently driving up prices. Furthermore, they claim that such salary increases should be backed by increased production to prevent inflation.

But here’s the truth: an increase in wages doesn’t create new demand—it liberates people to meet their existing needs. The lack of purchasing power doesn’t negate the need; it merely suppresses it. If industries respond to increased demand by ramping up production rather than hiking prices, the so-called wage-price spiral can be avoided entirely.

In essence, the key to balancing wage adjustments and inflation lies in aligning production growth with increased demand. Simply raising prices does nothing to address the needs of the population—it only deepens the struggle.

The cost of living in Blantyre has placed many in an untenable position. It’s time for policymakers and economists to take a realistic and empathetic approach, ensuring that wage adjustments reflect the economic realities we face today. Only then can we hope to foster a fair and sustainable economy.

Challenging the Limits: Beyond the Laws of Conservation of Energy

In the world of science and innovation, we often find ourselves bound by certain principles that seem unchangeable, one of the most prominent being the laws of conservation of energy. These laws dictate that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change forms. For centuries, this concept has governed our understanding of the physical world and set the stage for many of our most fundamental scientific discoveries.

However, if you look closely at some of the greatest breakthroughs in modern history, such as Elon Musk's Tesla Electric Vehicles or Maxwell Chikumbutso's Micro Sonic Device, you might start to question the extent to which these laws limit our creativity and innovation. These innovators, often coming from non-traditional backgrounds or without formal academic qualifications in advanced physics, have been able to produce groundbreaking technologies that push the boundaries of what we thought was possible.

So, what does this tell us about the relationship between innovation, physics, and the human imagination? Could it be that a deeper understanding—or perhaps, a lack of adherence to the traditional laws of physics—opens the door to new creative possibilities?

The Limits of Established Laws

The laws of conservation of energy are fundamental to modern physics and are taught as early as high school. They are the bedrock of our understanding of how energy flows in the universe: from kinetic to potential, from heat to work. These principles have allowed us to build technologies that power our lives, from electricity grids to engines.

But for those immersed in the day-to-day of scientific and engineering education, there’s a paradox: when trying to justify why an innovative idea works, traditional physics often fails to explain it fully. The calculations, grounded in these well-established laws, sometimes come back with results that suggest it simply shouldn’t be possible.

Take Maxwell Chikumbutso’s Micro Sonic Device, for example. Chikumbutso claims to have developed technology that can extract energy from the air and convert it into usable electricity. While the physics community is still trying to make sense of his claims, many point to the fact that such an invention challenges the basic laws of energy conservation—energy must come from somewhere, right?

Yet, for all the doubts, there are increasing reports of successes and prototypes that indicate something beyond our current understanding might be at play. This begs the question: what if we're looking at energy and physics through too narrow a lens?

The Role of Creativity in Innovation

Innovation thrives on creativity, and creativity often involves stepping outside the constraints of what we know to explore what we don't yet understand. While the laws of physics certainly set certain boundaries, history shows us that some of the most revolutionary discoveries come from individuals who dared to question the accepted norms.

Elon Musk, with his ventures in electric cars, solar energy, and space exploration, is a prime example. Though he is undoubtedly well-versed in the science and technology behind his projects, Musk’s success isn’t just about applying existing knowledge. It's about rethinking and reshaping what is possible. The Tesla electric vehicle, for instance, faced skepticism due to the immense energy requirements for batteries and range. However, Musk and his team were willing to challenge the status quo and persist in finding innovative solutions, even if it meant working outside the current limitations.

Similarly, Chikumbutso’s innovations appear to challenge conventional understanding, but they reflect an openness to new approaches that don’t neatly fit into the rules we’ve accepted for centuries.

Creating from Nothing: A Theological Perspective

From a spiritual and philosophical standpoint, one could argue that humans are endowed with creative potential because we are made in the image of God—a God who created everything from nothing (ex nihilo). If God, with divine wisdom and power, shaped the universe from an empty void, perhaps humanity too has the potential to create from nothing—or, more precisely, to access and harness the energy, forces, or ideas that currently seem beyond reach.

This perspective doesn’t necessarily suggest that we can create literal energy out of thin air, but rather that the potential for new forms of energy or new ways of thinking about energy might already be latent in the world around us, waiting to be discovered. Just as God’s creation was a breakthrough that transcended existing boundaries, we too may be on the verge of discovering ways to push the boundaries of our current understanding.

Conclusion: Innovating Beyond Boundaries

The laws of conservation of energy have served us well in explaining the world around us, but they should not be seen as walls that limit what we can achieve. Just as the greatest innovators have shown, it’s possible to move beyond traditional constraints by embracing creativity, bold thinking, and a willingness to explore new avenues of knowledge.

While the laws of physics continue to be crucial in guiding our discoveries, it’s the individuals who dare to challenge and redefine those limits—like Elon Musk, Maxwell Chikumbutso, and others—who often spark the next great leap forward in science and technology. As we look to the future, perhaps we should remember that innovation is not just about working within the known but exploring the unknown.

After all, we are created in the image of a Creator who made everything from nothing. What if we could do the same?

Adapting to Climate Change in Malawi: Building Resilience for the Future

Malawi's Climatic Conditions and Recent Changes

Malawi experiences a subtropical climate with three distinct seasons: a hot-wet season from November to April, a cool-dry season from May to August, and a hot-dry season from September to October. Over the past 30 years, the country has seen significant climatic changes, including rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events. Average annual temperatures have increased by approximately 1.4°C, and the frequency of floods and droughts has risen, contributing to agricultural instability and economic vulnerability.

The Impact of Climate Change in Malawi

Rising temperatures, coupled with unpredictable rainfall patterns, have led to lower crop yields and increased food insecurity. Floods frequently displace communities, while prolonged droughts deplete water resources, affecting both rural and urban populations. Economic projections warn that without climate-informed development, Malawi could face significant GDP losses in the coming decades.

Key Adaptation Strategies for Malawi

1. Agricultural Adaptation
Agriculture is the backbone of Malawi's economy, and adapting this sector to climate change is crucial.

• Drought-Resistant Crops: Promoting drought-resistant and fast-maturing crop varieties can enhance productivity in the face of uncertain rainfall.
• Irrigation Expansion: Expanding small-scale irrigation schemes will reduce dependence on unpredictable rain-fed agriculture.
• Crop Diversification: Encouraging farmers to grow a variety of crops can mitigate risks of total crop failure.
• Agroforestry: Integrating trees into farmlands improves soil fertility, conserves water, and provides additional sources of income.

2. Water Resource Management
Water is a critical resource, and managing it sustainably is essential to climate resilience.

• Rainwater Harvesting: Communities can capture and store rainwater for agricultural and domestic use during dry periods.
• Watershed Management: Reforestation and watershed protection can prevent soil erosion and improve groundwater recharge.
• Efficient Water Use: Promoting water-efficient farming techniques can preserve water resources for future generations.

3. Disaster Risk Reduction
Preparing for extreme weather events can significantly reduce the damage and loss caused by natural disasters.

• Early Warning Systems: Investing in meteorological services and early warning systems can help communities prepare for floods and droughts.
• Flood Protection: Building flood barriers, dykes, and proper drainage systems can protect vulnerable areas.
• Community Preparedness: Educating communities about disaster response can save lives and reduce property damage.

4. Ecosystem Restoration and Protection
Healthy ecosystems are vital for climate resilience.

• Reforestation: Planting trees and protecting existing forests help combat deforestation and land degradation.
• Wetland Protection: Preserving wetlands enhances biodiversity and improves water filtration.
• Soil Conservation: Techniques like terracing reduce soil erosion and improve agricultural productivity.

5. Infrastructure Development
Developing resilient infrastructure is essential for long-term adaptation.

• Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Roads, bridges, and housing should be designed to withstand extreme weather.
• Urban Planning: Flood-resilient urban designs can mitigate displacement risks.

6. Policy and Governance
Effective policies are needed to drive climate adaptation efforts.

• Climate-Smart Policies: National policies promoting climate-smart agriculture, renewable energy, and sustainable land management are crucial.
• Green Financing: Access to international climate funds and partnerships can support large-scale adaptation projects.
• Local Engagement: Involving local communities in decision-making ensures that solutions are practical and sustainable.

7. Renewable Energy and Low-Carbon Development
Transitioning to renewable energy can reduce Malawi's carbon footprint and dependence on biomass.

• Solar and Wind Energy: Investing in solar and wind energy can diversify Malawi's energy sources.
• Energy Efficiency: Promoting energy-efficient technologies reduces deforestation and encourages sustainable development.

Conclusion

The road to climate resilience in Malawi requires collective action from government bodies, local communities, and international partners. By investing in sustainable agriculture, water management, disaster preparedness, and renewable energy, Malawi can mitigate the impacts of climate change and secure a prosperous future for its people. As the nation continues to adapt, these strategies will not only protect the environment but also foster economic growth and improve livelihoods across the country.

Setting Up a Git Branching Strategy for Production and QA

Managing code effectively is critical for smooth software development and deployment. One effective way to achieve this is by setting up a structured Git branching strategy. In this guide, we will walk through how to set up separate Production and QA branches, ensuring code stability and seamless deployments.

---

Why Have Separate Production and QA Branches?

Having distinct branches for Production and QA offers several advantages:

• ✅ Ensures code is tested in QA before going live.
• ✅ Isolates development from production, reducing risks.
• ✅ Allows hotfixes to be applied directly to production when necessary.
• ✅ Provides a clear workflow for feature development, testing, and deployment.

---

1. Initial Setup: Creating the Main Branches

The first step is to set up the primary branches for production and quality assurance.

Create and push the main (Production) and qa (Testing) branches:

# Create production branch
git checkout -b main

# Create QA branch
git checkout -b qa

# Push branches to remote repository
git push -u origin main
git push -u origin qa

---

2. Working with Feature Branches

Developers should create feature branches from qa, ensuring all development work is tested before merging into production.

Create and work on a new feature branch

git checkout -b feature/new-feature qa   # Create feature branch from QA
# Work on the feature, then stage and commit

git add .
git commit -m "Added new feature"
git push -u origin feature/new-feature

Merge the feature branch into qa after testing

git checkout qa
git pull origin qa
git merge feature/new-feature
git push origin qa

---

3. Preparing for Production

After QA approval, code should be merged from qa to main for production deployment.

Merge qa into main

git checkout main
git pull origin main
git merge qa
git push origin main

Tagging a release (optional but recommended)

git tag -a v1.0 -m "Release version 1.0"
git push origin v1.0

---

4. Handling Hotfixes for Production

If a critical issue is discovered in production, it's best to create a hotfix branch directly from main.

Create a hotfix branch

git checkout -b hotfix/critical-fix main
# Fix the issue, then commit and push
git add .
git commit -m "Fixed critical bug"
git push -u origin hotfix/critical-fix

Merge the hotfix into main and qa

git checkout main
git merge hotfix/critical-fix
git push origin main

git checkout qa
git merge hotfix/critical-fix
git push origin qa

---

5. Keeping qa Updated with main

To ensure that qa always reflects the latest production changes, merge main into qa regularly.

git checkout qa
git merge main
git push origin qa

---

Summary of the Workflow

1. Developers create feature branches from qa.
2. Merge feature branches into qa after development.
3. QA team tests the qa branch and approves changes.
4. Merge qa into main for production release.
5. Hotfixes go directly into main, then get merged back to qa.

With this approach, your code remains stable, development is structured, and deployments are smooth.